linux基本常识

于由Kael Wang发布

1. 常用分区结构

在安装linux过程中，新手存在的疑惑位置在于分区结构的掌握。类比win平台下的逻辑卷。关于逻辑卷，不赘述。重点讲一下各个分区表示的意义。
以下内容以商用使用率比较高的centos为环境
标准分区文件格式ext4或者xfs
/Boot分区（引导，活动）（早期hp刀片机安装较新的linux是有efi分区bug，解决方式较为复杂）
/ 根分区（根）
/home分区（储存linux用户文件的，可类比win平台下user目录）
/usr 分区（系统软件存放区）
/bin 分区 （标准系统实用程序）
/opt分区（可选软件安装目录）
/var/log分区（系统日志）
标准分区文件格式swap
简称交换分区，开辟一块物理分区，帮助内存实现转存功能（类比win下的虚拟内存技术）

2.用户（user）和组（group）的概念

Linux是个多用户多任务的系统，用户组有效管理和保证服务器运行的安全级别。用户对应权限概念
关于权限，体现在linux文件属性
LL或ls -al命令列出当前文件夹下的所有文件及文件夹所有属性
例如一个文件，hello.log

   -rwxrwx--- 23 root root 4096 Sep 8 14:06 hello.log

-文件类型，r（读）w（写）x（执行）文件所有者的权限，rwx文件所属用户组权限，—其它人权限无权限
常见文件类型：-文件，d目录，i链接（linkfile）b可供存储接口设备，c串口设备（键盘，鼠标）
更改文件属性权限

Chgrp root hello.log

Chown root hello.log 

Chmod 755 hello.log （r4，w2，x1）

3.常用命令合集

  • 通用基本命令

su，cd，pwd，cp，mv，mkdir，rmdir（rm），ls（ll），cat，tac，nl（添加行号），more，less（双向翻动）

  • 常见工具命令

vi，nano，tar，zip，unzip，rpm，yum/apt，chkconfig

 

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