介绍 ClickHouse 管理与运维相关的知识:权限、熔断机制、数据备份和服务监控。

1.1 用户配置

user.xml 配置文件位于 /etc/clickhouse-server 路径下,用于定义用户相关的配置项。

1.1.1 用户 profile

profile 类似于用户角色,可预先定义多组 profile 实现配置复用。

<yandex>
    <profiles>
        <default>
            <max_memory_usage>10000000000</max_memory_usage>
            <use_uncompressed_cache>0</use_uncompressed_cache>
        </default>
        <test1>
            <allow_experimental_live_view>1</allow_experimental_live_view>
            <distributed_product_mode>allow</distributed_product_mode>
        </test1>
    </profiles>
</yandex>

切换 profile:

SET profile = test1;

profile 继承:

<normal_inherit>
    <profile>test1</profile>
    <profile>test2</profile>
    <distributed_product_mode>deny</distributed_product_mode>
</normal_inherit>

⚠️ 必须存在名为 default 的 profile,否则登录时会报错。

1.1.2 配置约束

constraints 标签设置参数修改约束:

规则说明
min最小值约束
max最大值约束
readonly只读约束
<profiles>
    <default>
        <max_memory_usage>10000000000</max_memory_usage>
        <distributed_product_mode>allow</distributed_product_mode>

        <constraints>
            <max_memory_usage>
                <min>5000000000</min>
                <max>20000000000</max>
            </max_memory_usage>
            <distributed_product_mode>
                <readonly/>
            </distributed_product_mode>
        </constraints>
    </default>
</profiles>
-- 超出约束值会报错
SET max_memory_usage = 50;
-- DB::Exception: Setting max_memory_usage shouldn't be less than 5000000000.

1.1.3 用户定义

定义新用户必须包含以下属性:

1. username

全局唯一的登录用户名。

2. password

支持三种形式:

(1)明文密码:

<password>123</password>
-- 空密码 = 免密登录
<password></password>

(2)SHA256 加密:

<password_sha256_hex>a665a45920422f9d417e4867efdc4fb8a04a1f3fff1fa07e998e86f7f7a27ae3</password_sha256_hex>

生成加密串:

echo -n 123 | openssl dgst -sha256

(3)double_sha1 加密:

<password_double_sha1_hex>23ae809ddacaf96af0fd78ed04b6a265e05aa257</password_double_sha1_hex>

生成加密串:

echo -n 123 | openssl dgst -sha1 -binary | openssl dgst -sha1

3. networks

允许登录的网络地址(详见 11.2 节)。

4. profile

引用相应的 profile 名称:

<default>
    <profile>default</profile>
</default>

5. quota

资源限额,熔断机制(详见 11.3 节)。

完整用户示例:

<users>
    <user_plaintext>
        <password>123</password>
        <networks>
            <ip>::/0</ip>
        </networks>
        <profile>normal_1</profile>
        <quota>default</quota>
    </user_plaintext>

    <user_sha256>
        <password_sha256_hex>a665a45920422f9d417e4867efdc4fb8a04a1f3fff1fa07e998e86f7f7a27ae3</password_sha256_hex>
        <networks><ip>::/0</ip></networks>
        <profile>default</profile>
        <quota>default</quota>
    </user_sha256>

    <user_double_sha1>
        <password_double_sha1_hex>23ae809ddacaf96af0fd78ed04b6a265e05aa257</password_double_sha1_hex>
        <networks><ip>::/0</ip></networks>
        <profile>default</profile>
        <quota>limit_1</quota>
    </user_double_sha1>
</users>

1.2 权限管理

ClickHouse 权限体系分三层:访问权限 → 查询权限 → 数据权限。

1.2.1 访问权限

1. 网络访问权限

<user_normal>
    <password></password>
    <networks>
        <ip>10.37.129.13</ip>
        <!-- 或使用 host -->
        <host>ch5.nauu.com</host>
        <!-- 或正则匹配 -->
        <host>^ch\d.nauu.com$</host>
    </networks>
</user_normal>

2. 数据库与字典访问权限

<user_normal>
    <allow_databases>
        <database>default</database>
        <database>test_dictionaries</database>
    </allow_databases>
    <allow_dictionaries>
        <dictionary>test_flat_dict</dictionary>
    </allow_dictionaries>
</user_normal>

1.2.2 查询权限

权限类型操作
读权限SELECT、EXISTS、SHOW、DESCRIBE
写权限INSERT、OPTIMIZE
设置权限SET
DDL 权限CREATE、DROP、ALTER、RENAME、ATTACH、DETACH、TRUNCATE
其他权限KILL、USE(所有用户可用)

控制标签:

<profiles>
    <normal>
        <readonly>1</readonly>      -- 只读
        <allow_ddl>0</allow_ddl>   -- 禁止 DDL
    </normal>
    <normal_1>
        <readonly>2</readonly>      -- 读 + SET
        <allow_ddl>0</allow_ddl>
    </normal_1>
</profiles>

readonly 取值:

  • 0:不限制(默认)

  • 1:只读权限

  • 2:读权限 + SET

allow_ddl 取值:

  • 0:不允许 DDL

  • 1:允许 DDL(默认)

1.2.3 数据行级权限

通过 databases 标签定义用户级别的查询过滤器:

<user_normal>
    <databases>
        <default>
            <test_row_level>
                <filter>id < 10</filter>
            </test_row_level>
            <!-- 支持组合条件 -->
            <test_query_all>
                <filter>id <= 100 or repo >= 100</filter>
            </test_query_all>
        </default>
    </databases>
</user_normal>

⚠️ 使用了行级权限后,PREWHERE 优化不再生效。

1.3 熔断机制

当资源使用量达到阈值时自动中断操作。

1. 时间周期累积用量熔断

<quotas>
    <default>
        <interval>
            <duration>3600</duration>    -- 时间周期(秒)
            <queries>0</queries>          -- 查询次数(0=不限制)
            <errors>0</errors>            -- 异常次数
            <result_rows>0</result_rows>  -- 结果行数
            <read_rows>0</read_rows>      -- 读取行数
            <execution_time>0</execution_time>  -- 执行时间(秒)
        </interval>
    </default>

    <limit_1>
        <interval>
            <duration>3600</duration>
            <queries>100</queries>
            <errors>100</errors>
            <result_rows>100</result_rows>
            <read_rows>2000</read_rows>
            <execution_time>3600</execution_time>
        </interval>
    </limit_1>
</quotas>

用户引用:

<user_normal>
    <quota>limit_1</quota>
</user_normal>

2. 单次查询用量熔断

在 profile 中定义:

配置项说明默认值
max_memory_usage单次查询最大内存10GB
max_memory_usage_for_user用户级别最大内存0(不限)
max_memory_usage_for_all_queries全局最大内存0(不限)
max_partitions_per_insert_block单次 INSERT 最大分区数100
max_rows_to_group_byGROUP BY 最大聚合 Key 数0(不限)
group_by_overflow_mode超阈值处理方式throw
max_bytes_before_external_group_by聚合查询最大内存(超阈值则用磁盘)0

group_by_overflow_mode 处理方式:

  • throw: 抛出异常(默认)

  • break: 停止查询,返回当前数据

  • any: 仅根据现有聚合 Key 继续

1.4 数据备份

1.4.1 导出文件备份

# 导出
clickhouse-client --query="SELECT * FROM test_backup" > /chbase/test_backup.tsv

# 导入
cat /chbase/test_backup.tsv | clickhouse-client --query "INSERT INTO test_backup FORMAT TSV"

# 或直接复制目录
mkdir -p /chbase/backup/default/
cp -r /chbase/data/default/test_backup /chbase/backup/default/

1.4.2 通过快照表备份

-- 创建备份表
CREATE TABLE test_backup_0206 AS test_backup;

-- 点对点备份
INSERT INTO test_backup_0206 SELECT * FROM test_backup;

-- 远程节点备份
INSERT INTO test_backup_0206
SELECT * FROM remote('ch5.nauu.com:9000', 'default', 'test_backup', 'default');

1.4.3 按分区备份

FREEZE 备份

ALTER TABLE partition_v2 FREEZE PARTITION 201908;

备份文件保存在 <ch-path>/data/shadow/N/ 目录下(硬链接,不占用额外空间)。

还原: 将 shadow 下的分区复制到 detached 目录 → ATTACH:

ALTER TABLE partition_v2 ATTACH PARTITION '201908_5_5_0';

FETCH 备份

仅支持 ReplicatedMergeTree 系列:

ALTER TABLE test_fetch FETCH PARTITION 2019 FROM '/clickhouse/tables/01/test_fetch';

分区下载到 detached 目录,同样需要 ATTACH 还原。

⚠️ FREEZE 和 FETCH 都不会备份元数据。元数据在 /data/metadata/[table “” not found /]
.sql
,需手动复制。

1.5 服务监控

1.5.1 系统表

metrics

当前正在执行的概要信息:

SELECT * FROM system.metrics LIMIT 5;
-- Query, Merge, PartMutation, ReplicatedFetch, ReplicatedSend

events

累积概要信息:

SELECT event, value FROM system.events LIMIT 5;
-- Query, SelectQuery, InsertQuery, FileOpen, ReadBufferFromFileDescriptorRead

asynchronous_metrics

后台异步运行的概要信息:

SELECT * FROM system.asynchronous_metrics LIMIT 5;
-- jemalloc.background_thread.*, jemalloc.retained, jemalloc.mapped

1.5.2 查询日志

默认关闭,需要在 config.xml 中开启。

query_log

最常用的查询日志,记录所有查询:

<query_log>
    <database>system</database>
    <table>query_log</table>
    <partition_by>toYYYYMM(event_date)</partition_by>
    <flush_interval_milliseconds>7500</flush_interval_milliseconds>
</query_log>
SELECT type, concat(substr(query,1,20),'...') AS query, read_rows,
    query_duration_ms AS duration
FROM system.query_log LIMIT 6;

query_thread_log

记录线程级查询信息:

<query_thread_log>
    <database>system</database>
    <table>query_thread_log</table>
    <flush_interval_milliseconds>7500</flush_interval_milliseconds>
</query_thread_log>

part_log

MergeTree 分区操作日志:

<part_log>
    <database>system</database>
    <table>part_log</table>
    <flush_interval_milliseconds>7500</flush_interval_milliseconds>
</part_log>

text_log

运行日志(INFO/DEBUG/Trace):

<text_log>
    <database>system</database>
    <table>text_log</table>
    <flush_interval_milliseconds>7500</flush_interval_milliseconds>
</text_log>

metric_log

汇聚 metrics 和 events 数据:

<metric_log>
    <database>system</database>
    <table>metric_log</table>
    <flush_interval_milliseconds>7500</flush_interval_milliseconds>
    <collect_interval_milliseconds>1000</collect_interval_milliseconds>
</metric_log>

1.6 小结

本章从三个维度介绍了 ClickHouse 的管理与运维:

安全性:

  • 用户定义(明文/SHA256/double_sha1 密码)

  • 三层权限体系(网络访问 → 查询操作 → 行级数据)

  • Profile 配置与约束

健壮性:

  • 时间周期熔断(quotas)

  • 单次查询熔断(max_memory_usage 等)

  • 资源保护机制

运维:

  • 数据备份(导出文件 / 快照表 / FREEZE / FETCH)

  • 系统表监控(metrics / events / asynchronous_metrics)

  • 查询日志(query_log / query_thread_log / part_log / text_log / metric_log)


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